This subject is being dealt with as a component of my series on The Princes, the Priests and the Prophets hence the preface of PPP. The link here is provided to connect with the main article.

I take my definition of Colonisation from Oxford Dictionary, hence my definition is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. Of course the true coloniser is Satan but he uses men. The reason why I think that it is so important to present this information is because of the prevalence of using race for evaluating the strength of ones Christianity. Britain was the nation that God primarily chose to spread Christianity but as He said it was not because they were a great nation and it was not because of their colour. As a matter of fact, if you go by scripture it would be the opposite.

From the first scripture we are given to understand the nature of a base nation. It is one that has little military significance. The second talks of base men and by comparison this would mean people of little significance as human beings or at the bottom rung in their humanity. In my opinion history shows this to be true. The men that have ruled as the beast are woefully deficient in their humanity. British Israelism is almost a religion and you can see it coming out in the biases of brothers in our decisions. Love is grounded in grace and truth so without truth love among the brethren is weakened. An astute reader would also notice that from the first scripture the current Egyptians are not genuine Egyptians at the ruling class. Arabs were never scattered and had to be repatriated and they were not a great nation to notice that they were abased. In contrast Arabs have grown stronger and have been behind the Muslim religion. The current true Egyptians are people weakened by God.

I would propose that God chose to put the spark of His true Gospel among the ancient British people but that was subverted by Satan. Nevertheless God's purpose stands fulfilled and the very people that were used by Satan to suppress the truth were employed to assist in carrying the gospel to the world. Those original British people were able to withstand the might of the Roman Empire but could not handle the dogmatic superstition and vicious brutality of who came after. There is only one connecting link to the ancient Roman empire and it is tied to the Germanic people. That link is the nation of the Vatican. That makes the entire system continuous. It is at the root of understanding Revelation 13. In Revelation 13 we see the development of the final beast. It emerges from the Greco-Macedonian empire as two legs, and it shifts from the main leg to the other and back three times aided by a religious power, I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things (Daniel 7:8 [KJV]). In this article we consider the development of the first and main leg and especially on the English who are a ethos of the rest of the main leg.

The success of Nicene Thinking

Constantine was a member of the Sol Invictus party. He did not abandon his party members but preserved them and transformed them to head Christianity. It was never a fight for truth but a fight for self preservation. They had one source of intellectual opposition which was Arianism from scholarly Alexandria (Egypt before Arabs). It threatened basic precepts like their Trinity. After its defeat they could bring everything over wholesale. Sol Invictus thrives on ignorance but God thrives on light. There is no such thing as an expert that did not start as a novice: see the Parable of the Talents, in Matthew 25:14-30. It is the person who tries that is rewarded not the one that is afraid of Bible tools and resources. An example closer to home is an illustrious man believing that the Sadducees were in control of religion in Judea (disregarding history) and insisting that the Church follow him because he is in charge. If a man is in charge that automatically stops it from being God's Church because God is in charge of His Church, and it cannot have two masters. God's word is in charge. A similar ignorance of Sol Invictus and its transformation into Nicene Christianity has spawned superstitions about days like Passover, Easter and the like. I propose that ALL of the fundamental tenets of the mystery religion were incorporated into Nicene Christianity by 381. Arianism was the last major obstacle to that. After 381 the rise of the Germanic elite provided the opportunity to expand and root out minor contenders to their version of Christianity. The Nicene powers have done a snow-job on the minds of people in favour of their benefactors. They thrive on ignorance. Ignorance that can be removed by putting as much credible information as possible into the hands of as many as possible, even though they may not be experts. The ones who think they are high-born or aristocratic like to use, abuse and discard the poor wise man but he is the one who saves the city (Ecclesiastes 9:13-18). The Holy Spirit uses signs (as with Peter and the sheet) or recorded facts as Christ did with Satan at the Temptations. The Bible says that experts in the Church rise up and deceive many while preaching Christ but Deuteronomy 13 explains the problem. It is not mystical. I believe that they can only deceive if they have unchallenged knowledge. Anything that they know all can know with the Holy spirit and some reading. Love is grounded in grace and truth so without truth love among the brethren is weakened. Show me the evidence and give me the means to analyse it for myself. I have one God who says But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear: I Peter 3:15 [KJV]. This approach does not satisfy everybody but it is biblical. Expose it and hold fast that which is good.

Who are God's People? Is it the Jews?

God has written off Jerusalem until it accept Him as the Messiah. Jews must look to the second coming and not to some Zionist experiment. Genuine Jews and genuine Christians must look to the same thing. Christians cannot look to some phony Christians or Jewish concision with their physical prosperity Gospel whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things. Notice what Paul wrote to the Philippians, gentiles!

Paul was speaking to gentiles who kept the Sabbath and the other days that he did as an example to them.

The point here is that God was moving into a new era or phase of what a Jew meant. The rest of the tribes were scattered but Judah remained. Judah was the princely tribe, the one that preserved the king. It represented the hope of mankind as a beacon of light in an otherwise dark world. The spiritual side of the role it had to play has now been transferred to the Church that Christ created.

The material promises that were made to them remained but the spiritual ones were vested in the Church. The spiritual cannot be taken, it must be bestowed, but the princes, the priests and the prophets are all about taking. Abraham sought a personal relationship with God based on obedience and self-sacrifice. I want to end this section by quoting an incident from the Bible that would happen exactly the same if it occurred today. There are two distinct ways of counting Abraham's seed. Christ explains in verse 37 that he knows that they are Abraham's biological seed. He went on to explain that the biology was not the critical issue. Eli had biological seed and so did Samuel. Some still do not get it even today.

From Celtic Britain to the UK

Did you know of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, British order of knighthood given to its diplomats. I have enlarged the emblem in the centre so that you can check it carefully. What message does it send? God represents Satan as red not negroid. What is it telling it's diplomats in the countries that they inhabit when the natives are dark skinned people? Why would this enter into someone's head and be accepted by the elites of a nation? In this presentation I want to take an overview of how the culture of Britain has changed from the time of Christ until now. One of the beliefs that I want to dispel is that British people are all Gauls and all Gauls are Israelites. There is support for some Celtic people and Some Gauls being Israelites, but the exact combination is unclear to me and it is certain that not all British people are Gauls. As a linguistic group, modern Germanic peoples include the Afrikaners, Austrians, Danes, Dutch, English, European Americans, Flemish, Frisians, Germans, Icelanders, Lowland Scots, Norwegians, Swedes, and others. When the apostles went to the ten tribes there is no record of them going to Germans but to Celts. Since then the Germanic peoples invaded the Celtic territories but are not Celts. This belief that they are Israelites has been used by Germanic elites as an excuse to mistreat and marginalise other people. English is Germanic not Italic. In my earlier article covering Aiden I pointed out that he brought the gospel to these people and they rejected it.

From Celtic to Saxon (German)

A visual documentary on the Celts that I found to be very good was hosted on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU1dKfMIEUQ. It is no longer there but there are several others. I would advise watching them with due caution because the general image presented is white brutes with barely enough intelligence to raise them above beasts. In contrast, what I have seen in the historical record is people superior in character and intelligence to their Germanic occupiers and who were not all white, if any were at all by Caesar's standards. For example if they were so stupid and brutish why would the Catholic Pope seek a synod with them? And if they were so unacquainted with reason how then were they able to defend their position? The Germanic and Celtic languages form two separate branches of the Indo-European language family. The Gaulish language is now extinct. The people who inhabited Great Britain from their iron age into the Middle Ages were Celtic. They spoke the Brittonic language, which diverged into the modern Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others). There is a strong belief among certain groups of Christians that the Celts are exclusively the remains of the 10 lost tribes of Israel. In my opinion the evidence for this is extremely nebulous. Israelites did live among the Celts but the Celts were not comprised exclusively of Israelites.

Josephus Antiquities 15. 3.1

So king Herod immediately took the high priesthood away from Ananelus, who, as we said before, was not of this country, but one of those Jews that had been carried captive beyond Euphrates; for there were not a few ten thousands of this people that had been carried captives, and dwelt about Babylonia, whence Ananelus came...

JosephusAntiquities of the JewsAntiquities 15. 3.1

This is presumed to say that the remnant of the ten tribes lived as a nation or separate group around Babylon. We know (Acts 16:6, Acts 7:43, 1 Peter 5:13) that there were Israelites living in that area but they are not identified as a nation or tribe. In any case this contradicts them being the Celts because Celts never lived in Babylon. There are all sorts of supposed links that prove this theory but I cannot find any that can be described as more than optimistic. From the dispersion of the Apostles it appears that the ten tribes had spread far and wide and intermarried with or were assimilated into various peoples as far as India and China in the East. You can read of some in Foxe's book of Martyrs. Their constant contact with Egypt also indicates that they have gone South into Africa by that route. The Celtic link shows the western migration. Scientists using DNA analysis argue that there is no biological map of Celts just a linguistic one. In other words, it is like the people of the United States who speak a common language but are diverse in ethnicity.

One of the many scriptures about the scattering of Israel is this:

This recovery of Israel is not a human endeavour but people use the scripture to excuse brutish behaviour against others in pursuit of the unification of Israel. What God does depends on simultaneously drying up the Egyptian sea i.e. the Red Sea. If you are going to dry up the Egyptian sea then it seems to me that people are coming across from Egypt. Earlier He said in Deuteronomy:

Prophecy therefore speaks of Israelites being sold into slavery and it is this that some groups use to claim that all of the slaves from the Transatlantic Slave Trade were Israelites. To me these scriptures make it clear that when God comes there will be Israelites from all nationalities, including black ones from Cush and Egypt as noted above in Isaiah 11:11. We do not know who the lost tribes are by their colour or language or religion. Most of the slaves that ended up brutalised in America and the Caribbean may well have been Israelites but probably not all. The current Palestinians also contain Israelites. When Christ came the only people except those in Judea that He spoke with were the Samaritans and they identified themselves as looking for Him.

. . . They were persecuted and killed for practicing their ancient faith by Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Mamluks and Ottomans. By 1919, there were only 141 Samaritans left. Today they number more than 800, with half living in Holon (south of Tel Aviv) and the other half on the mountain. They’re one of the world’s oldest and smallest religious groups and their songs are among the most ancient in the world.

Judith FeinThe last of the good SamaritansBBC.comhttps://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180828-the-last-of-the-good-samaritans29th August 2018

That is talking about the ones who remained faithful to the religion. The Wikipedia article on Samaritans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans , 16:23, 16 December 2023, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia says In the 12th century, the Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela estimated that only around 1,900 Samaritans remained in the regions of Palestine and Syria . Unless none of them ever left the religion over the last 2,000 years (which is highly unlikely when people are hounded and persecuted) then there is good reason to believe that there is Samaritan blood in Palestine and Syria. In addition, God also said to Jerusalem:

By that time Israel was long split in two and the northern 10 tribes were already scattered. This is not the same as the prophecy against the world in Revelation 9:18. It is also very likely that some of the Israelites integrated with the Celts and some of these migrated across the English Channel.

Celtic-Brittonic not German nor Roman

Now that I am getting into the meat of colonisation I need to define what I understand it to be.

Study.com https://study.com/learn/lesson/internal-colonialism-types-theory-examples.html

Internal Colonialism Definition

Internal colonialism is an economic occurrence that is compared to general colonialism. Colonialism is when an external state lay claim to a region of another location, resulting in the disenfranchisement of the original inhabitants of that land. For example, when British settlers established towns in North America and dispossessed the Native American tribes who had lived there for centuries. Internal colonialism occurs when states ''colonize'' certain regions for the benefit of others. This results in some regions of a state being given more economic benefits than others. This economic imbalance can cause further issues, such as class-based and ethnic struggles.

That should be sufficient to explain Colonisation and to break it down into its two major types: settler colonialism and internal colonialism. In the case of Britain Settler Colonisation came first and climaxed with 1066 and William the Conqueror's Feudalism. From that point on we can clearly identify Internal Colonialism. The Settler Colonialism was the Germanic people coming to Britain and laying claim to what was owned by the Celtic people. The internal Colonisation is equated with the Germanic elites making themselves Lords and other superiors to the indigenous people. This has been so complete that these lords can trace their ancestry back for centuries, and hence have never been displaced, while the poor have forgotten that the land and wealth used to be owned by them. But they lost more than that, they lost their religion which was the original apostolic religion identified at the Synod at Whitby, and it was substituted for with the pagan religion of the Vikings sanctified by the Pope. To state it poetically, it ws a colonisation of their souls.

Names such as Germanic and French came to us from the Romans. Germanic originally referred to the tribal groups and alliances that lived in the regions of modern-day Luxembourg, Belgium, Northern France, Alsace, Poland (land of Ashkenazi Jews), Austria, the Netherlands and Germany which are basically north of Gaul. Both the Cimbri and and their allies the Teutons were Germanic and started to migrate across Europe as early as 120 BC pillaging as they went, during which time they invaded Gaul but apparently not Britain. Celts are not Germans. The German occupation was short lived since they were defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC so that by the time of the apostles the original German influence was long gone.

After the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1 ^st century British Latin was spoken by the aristocracy but Brittonic remained in common use. During and after the Roman era, the Britons lived throughout Britain because Rome did not displace peoples but modified their culture to be Greco-Roman. The military campaigns of Julius Caesar covered the Gallic War (58 BC-51 BC) and Caesar's civil war (50 BC-45 BC). The wars paved the way for Julius Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic. In the civil war Caesar eliminated his rivals, next he went to Egypt and put Cleopatra on the throne, then he moved on to subdue Roman opponents in Africa and Hispania. Once his campaigns were over, he became a Roman dictator until his assassination on March 15, 44 BC.

During the course of these Wars, Julius Caesar invaded Britain twice: in 55 and 54 BC. He achieved little in the first attempt but in the second invasion he used intelligence from Trinovantes , one of the Celtic tribes of Pre-Roman Britain, in the form of a defeated warlord who found Roman asylum in then Roman Gaul. To defeat Cassivellaunus he set up the defeated warlord as puppet king of Trinovantes.  Cassivellaunus was the Celt who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. He eventually surrendered after his location was revealed to Julius Caesar by the leader of Trinovantes. The Gauls were militarily just as strong as the Romans but internal division and lack of discipline gave the advantage to Rome, nevertheless the Romans never completely conquered Britain. The puppet leader appears to be Cunobelinus. Britannica says:

Either shortly before or shortly after his accession, Cunobelinus conquered the territory of the Trinovantes, in modern Essex. He made Camulodunum (modern Colchester) his capital and the seat of his mint. The many surviving coins from the mint are stamped with Latin slogans and figures from mythology. His power and influence were so extensively felt in Britain that the Roman biographer Suetonius referred to him as Britannorum rex (“King of the Britons”) in his life of the emperor Caligula.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaCunobelinusEncyclopedia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/biography/CunobelinusAccessed 5 January 2024

Notice that the coins are stamped with Latin slogans and figures from mythology .

Colour and Celts

I encourage you to read Black Presence in the Ancient British Isles from saggigga.

The reference proclaims:

...Interestingly, in the many books and movies made about King Arthur, very few mention that King Arthur was the king of a group of black people. In the legend of King Arthur, he was the king of the Silures who held back the advances of the Saxons for a time

editors of saggiggaBlack Presence in the Ancient British IslesSag-gig-ga (The Black-headed People)https://saggigga.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/blackpresenceintheancientbritishisles/October 15, 2010

Celtic people undoubtedly included dark skinned people. You can also research Silures or Silurians. God undoubtedly intended that Israel would be diverse in complexion to show the world how people of all strata can live in harmony. The princes, the priests and the prophets have made a concerted effort to bleach this fact from history in order to advance their Satanic craving for extortion.

Roman Influence in England (55 BC 425 AD)

While Christ walked on Earth there were Celtic Israelites in Britain. It was during the lifetime of the apostles that Britain was invaded by Rome. The Romans considered themselves civilisation and anyone else barbarians. When the army moved on, the politicians took over civilizing the area to Roman values, wherein sophistication was essential, and to be sophisticated, you now had to project rank and status. Tribal centres were redesigned as Roman towns, with perpendicular roads, forums (market squares), basilicas (assembly rooms), temples, theatres, bathhouses, amphitheatres, shopping malls and hotels. Instead of bringing in foreign masters to create resentment, the power and prestige of the local elite were preserved as they were romanised to run things on Rome's behalf, being made responsible for tax-collection and keeping order in the surrounding countryside.

In both 55 and 54 BC, Julius Caesar had invaded Britain with intent on conquest but revolts in Gaul (modern France) called him away. Augustus prepared for invasion in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC but all were called off due to extenuating circumstances. It was noted by one historian that Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered hence between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the status quo was tribute, without direct military occupation. The Roman conquest of Britain effectively began in AD 43 (a bit after Christ died) under Emperor Claudius but they were met with fierce resistance particularly by Wales and Scotland. Wales was conquered between 60-61 AD and the Romans subdued central and southern Britain but never conquered the Scots, so that between AD 8496 the cost of the effort began to appear to be counterproductive. A phased withdrawal was undertaken and Hadrian's Wall was constructed in the 120s and 130s AD to establish the line. The most notable attempt was in 209 under the emperor Septimius Severus when it is recorded that he did genocidal damage but incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men and had to withdraw to Hadrian's Wall. Where was Christianity then? Patrick of Ireland was born about 360 AD (before the Vikings or Romans in Ireland) and was a dynamic Christian. How did he learn it? Rome did not conquer Ireland.

The empire had been supported by the plunder of war and as places to conquer declined the emperors turned to increased taxation. The Roman emperors became more dictatorial and ruthless, aiming to centralize and streamline administration. They used various methods, including embracing Christianity, to coerce the people to support and defend the empire. Society became less and less enthusiastic to support the extravagant elite and the huge army and things rapidly declined.

Britain was repeatedly raided but the troops were stretched too thin to hold the line for long. When Italy itself was attacked troops had to withdraw from Britain to defend the homeland. The garrisons became run down, army pay ceased to arrive, and the soldiers drifted off to make a living however they could, and the romanised elite lost their influence. By 425 AD at the latest, Britain had ceased to be Roman and returned to the use of barter ( Overview: Roman Britain, 43 - 410 AD By Dr Neil Faulkner, Last updated 2011-03-29, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/overview_roman_01.shtml ).

Before I get into my next section which delves in to the Germans in greater detail, I want to say a bit about the Phoneticians by comparison. There is a webpage Ancient Civilizations Online Textbook, that presents a simple, easy to read introduction. For example it says: 

A fairly small group of traders and merchants known as the Phoenicians created the foundation for the modern English alphabet and other alphabets. They organized a system of 22 consonants into what became the alphabet used not only by English speakers, but by speakers of many of the world's languages.

editos of ushistory.orgPhoenicians: Sailing AwayAncient Civilizations Online Textbook (2024)https://www.ushistory.org/civ/4f.aspaccessed Saturday, February 10, 2024

The Phoneticians were a great people. They would have been exposed to the relatively advanced military techniques of the ancient worlds but they used their maritime skills to trade and for mutual benefit, not for settler colonisation and slavery. The Vikings were brutes because they chose that way not because it was their only option. As Christians we have choices. Gold and secular glory is not our only option. As a matter of fact God says But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you (Matthew 6:33 [KJV]). The Kingdom that we put first is built on God's standard of righteousness, which we can find in the Bible.

Here comes the Germans

The Saxons, Angles and Jutes in Britain were tribes of Germanic people who originally came from what is now northern Germany and Denmark. They were expanding and killing even one another, for dominance. The Lombards and Franks were Germans doing the same in Europe. Their religion was polytheistic so they had no problem accepting a new god and abandoning their religion. An example is brought out in the Massacre of Verden in 782, where Emperor Charlemagne ( ^{Charlemagne a German} ) reportedly had 4,500 captive Saxons massacred because they rebelled against conversion to Catholicism. The Saxons began raiding England during the Roman occupation in the 3 ^rd century but as the Roman Empire collapsed they turned to conquest and settled in southern England in the 5 ^th - 6 ^th centuries. By the 5 ^th century, during the decline of the Roman Empire in England, the Celts had broken up into separate kingdoms but a single leader called the Superbus Tyrannus had emerged. According to tradition the Superbus Tyrannus brought Jute mercenaries (Germans, the Pope would later use Frankish Germans) to protect his realm from Scots (Celts from Northern Ireland) and Picts (Celts from Scotland). You would remember that Patric of Ireland was captured in a raid and was taken captive to Ireland ( https://www.history.com/news/st-patrick-slavery-pirate-kidnapping-real-facts ). Celts were not united as one people like Jews are. The Superbus Tyrannus set up Hengist , leader of the Jutes (Germans) as king of Kent (Celts). The relationship eventually declined into battle and the Jutes won a decisive victory so you now have a German ruling over Celts. This is the origin of how Germans took over the Celts by the 8 ^th century.

Sussex (the kingdom of the South Saxons ) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south east of Great Britain founded in AD 477. The Celts resisted them bitterly but after about 15 years the Saxons had conquered all of Sussex. More Jutes landed in eastern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Saxons landed in western Hampshire and founded the kingdom of Wessex. Then in the late 5 ^th century a great leader known as Arthur arose among the Celts. He won the battle of Mount Badon, about 500 AD. The Saxons were crushed and their advance was halted for decades. A shire, Old English (Germanic) scr , is a Saxon traditional stronghold. For example Southampton was known in Old English as Hamtun, roughly meaning village-town , so its surrounding area or scr became known as Hamtunscr. After Arthur, England fell to the Germans. It begins the dark ages (the Heptachy) where we lose track of Celtic Britain. It starts with the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England and ends with the destruction of most of them by the Danes (north Germans) in the second half of the 9 ^th century. One of the main reasons why it is so dark to me is because nobody seems to understand how the Germans got their hands on ^{[picts to germans]} Scotland and ^{[scots to germans]} Ireland.

In the early 6 ^th century the West Saxons, of western Hampshire, annexed the Jutes of eastern Hampshire. They took over the Isle of Wight about 530. In 552 the West Saxons captured Wiltshire. In 577 they captured Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester. This was the time of Columba who was an Irishman born in Donegal in 521 AD. He would have graduated from one of the schools founded by Patric of Ireland around this time. It is also the time of The Gregorian Mission which started in 596. Pope Gregory I sent a group of missionaries to Kent to convert Æthelberht, King of Kent, whose wife Bertha, was Catholic. Æthelberht was descended from Jutes that ruled over Celts but he married Bertha, the Catholic daughter of Charibert, king of the Franks (Germans closely linked with the pope). In 597, the forty missionaries arrived in Kent and were permitted by Æthelberht to preach freely in his capital of Canterbury. Æthelberht was converted some time before 601. Gregory gave Augustine power over the clergy of the native Britons, but the Celtic bishops refused to acknowledge his authority. Clearly there is German military dominance at the top of society attempting to control Celts and their culture.

in the mid-6^th century Saxons invaded Essex (the kingdom of the East Saxons). A people called the Angles landed in East Anglia. They gave England its name (Angle land). By the late 6^th century all of eastern England was in the hands of Angles and Saxons. In 656 the Saxons captured the west Midlands. In 664 the Saxons captured Dorset in the South. By the early 8^th century the Saxons occupied all of Devon and Somerset. The Celts were being displaced by Germans.

The same was happening in Europe from the north into the west and destroyed the Western Roman Empire. Then the Arabs (origin of the Muslims) who were of a similar disposition to the Germans, started to do the same from the south and East. Muhammad (c. 570 8 June 632 AD) is in my opinion a reaction to the push of Catholicism. Remember that the Sasanian Persian Period of the beast (614 AD - 629 AD) starts when the Persians Capture Jerusalem. The Byzantine Empire got squeezed from both sides and that too fell. This is the same tug of war that Daniel speaks of as plucked up by the roots. This is Bible prophecy unfolding. The German (Roman Catholic) people which include the US and Britain, and the Afro-Arab (Islamic) people are the fourth beast in Daniel 7. They fight over Jerusalem. The only vestige of the original Roman Empire is Rome itself. If you trace back far enough you will find that France, Spain and Portugal were taken over by Germans too.

Picts and Scots

The Gregorian mission started in 596. It was headed by Augustine of Canterbury, an Italian Benedictine monk who became the first archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. Columba begin his ministry on the small island of Iona with his company of pilgrims in 563 AD. His followers held the island for six hundred and forty-one years, until they were driven out of it in 1204 by the Benedictine monks.

England didn’t truly exist until King Æthelstan conquered Northumbria in 927 AD, unifying it with Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia. King Æthelstan was a Germanic Catholic. The history of the Catholic Church in Scotland is divided into the following four parts: the Celtic Church, 400 to 1070; the medieval period, 1070 to 1560; the Reformation through the restoration of the hierarchy, 1560 to 1878; and the modern Church. Scotland certainly was not Catholic before 1070 but what happened then? That was the coming of William the Conqueror who changed everything to favour the dominance of the Catholic Church. William had started his conquest of England when he and his army landed in Sussex, defeating and killing English King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Faced with the threat of Scotland, William rode north and signed a treaty with Malcolm. The Treaty of Abernethy was signed at the Scottish village of Abernethy in 1072 by King Malcolm III of Scotland and by William of Normandy. The specific details of the treaty are lost in history, Scotland however continued to maintain it's independence racially and culturally and from the record of the church at Iona, spiritually as well.

During the 16^th century James I (and VI) and during the 17^th century Charles I, were the only kings of England to have been born in Scotland. Both were also kings of Scots, however going back, Henry I of England’s marriage to the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland meant all English monarchs from Henry II in 1154 have been descended from the Scottish royalty.

Alexander III was the last of the MacAlpine kings and also the last Celtic king. He was last in the line of the Celtic kings and took the throne aged just eight. He died at the age of 44 after falling from his horse in 1286. The throne subsequently went Germanic through Margaret the Maid of Norway.

Between 1296 and 1329 Scotland fought with England in the Scottish Wars of Independence. Robert the bruce king of Scotland from 1306 to 1329, was not celtic but had celtic blood. He was not Roman Catholic either and had in fact been excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Robert's mother was the Countess of Carrick - a rich Celtic ruler - and his father Robert de Brus, 6^th Lord of Annandale, was an Anglo-Norman lord who apparently was catholic and took part in the crusades.

The Declaration of Arbroath is a declaration of Scottish independence, made in 1320 during the reign of Robert the Bruce king of Scotland. It was a letter sent to Pope John XXII, dated 6 April 1320. The declaration affirmed that Scotland was an independent, sovereign state with the right to use military action when unjustly attacked. This proves that the pope was the real power broker among the Germanic tribes. In 1327, Edward II of England was deposed and killed. The subsequent invasion of the North of England by Robert the Bruce forced the English to sign the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton on 1 May 1328, which recognised the independence of Scotland with Bruce as King. Robert the Bruce died June 7, 1329. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland had taken place during the late 12^th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the papal bull Laudabiliter. Unlike Ireland, Scotland was never technically conquered by England for any great length of time. Oliver Cromwell conquered Scotland during the third English Civil War and then incorporated it into a unitary British state named The Commonwealth from 1652. However, this lasted only a few years: with the restoration of Charles II in 1660 the union was dissolved. By that time the Church of Scotland had split from the Catholic church during in the Reformation of 1560 and continued in the reformed tradition. Ninian (d c. 450) and Columba (d. 597) were both Apostolic (Celtic type like those on the island of Iona) Christian and not Roman Catholic and hence not in the line of the Church of Scotland, and it is unclear to me how Roman Catholicism became entrenched in Scotland. When Saint Augustine came in 597 AD on a Pope-sanctioned mission it was to convert the pagans like Ninian and Columba and Roman Catholicism was rejected by the Synod at Whitby in 664.

The Scots

The viking raids on Ireland began in 795 and escalated until the Norman invasion of 1169. Norsemen and Normans are not the same people. The Norsemen were Scandinavian Vikings. The Normans were descendants of the Norsemen and other Germans in the region of Normandy in northern France. The Norman invasion of Ireland took place on May 1, 1169 as a consequence of actions by Dermot MacMurrough/Mac Murchada, the King of Leinster, the south-eastern province of Ireland, in 1167. Upon being deposed by the new High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Mac Murchada's sought recruitment of Marcher Lords to assist him in the recovery of his Kingdom of Leinster and this ultimately led to the Norman invasion of Ireland and to the eventual entry of the Lordship of Ireland into the Angevin Empire and the division of Northern Ireland. Mac Murrough appears to be of questionable character as was his main ally the previous High King of Ireland.

In 1166, Ireland's High King and Mac Murchada's main ally Muirchertach Ua Lochlainn had fallen. Mac Lochlainn survived an attempt to unseat him in 1159 but failed to overcome the resistance. In 1166, to attempt to achieve a diplomatic settlement with his neighbours, Mac Lochlainn arranged a truce and took hostages from many of the families in the over-kingdom i.e. the group composed of several kingdoms. In return he had given a solemn oath for his good behaviour. He violated the oath by having one of the kings seized and blinded. His allies immediately deserted him and he was left with a handful of followers. He along with With sixteen of these devotees were killed.

That was Mac Murchada's main ally. The new High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair deposed Mac Murchada from the throne of Leinster. Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair was the last High King of Ireland before the Anglo-Norman invasion. Mac Murchada fled to Wales and from there to England and France seeking support from Henry II of England in recruting soldiers to reclaim his kingship. Henry authorised assistane and among those who came to the cause was Robert FitzStephen.

On returning to Wales, Robert FitzStephen helped him organise a mercenary army of English and Welsh soldiers. They launched raids in the territories of the Uí Tuathail, the Uí Broin, and Uí Conchobhair Failghe. Mac Murchada expected that King Ruaidrí would not hurt the Leinster hostages which he had, which included Mac Murchada's son, however, High King Ua Ruairc forced his hand and they were all killed. With the assistance of the church the commanders of the two armies began negotiations at Ferns, Mac Murchada's political base. It was agreed that Mac Murchada would remain King of Leinster but he would have to reognise Ua Conchobair as High King. Before that could be implemented Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Llanstephan and his forces arrived in May 1170 and joined Mac Murchada. Within a short time, all Leinster was again in Mac Murchada's control. Emboldened by these victories, according to the contemporary, Gerald of Wales, he had been advised by Robert FitzStephen and Maurice FitzGerald to write to Strongbow requesting assistance. Strongbow sent an advance party but himself arrived in 1170 at Waterford. Following the fall of Waterford, the promised marriage of Aoife the daughter of Dermot MacMurrough, and Strongbow took place and Richard FitzGilbert, count of Strigoil, became lord of Leinster. The Germans now had a toehold into the Irish Celts.

This was not nearly the end of King Ruaidrí. He continud to repel the Germans until his death. He signed the Treaty of Windsor with King Henry II of England however Henry either would not or could not control the Norman barons, who continued conquering Irish territory, while Ruadhrí could not control the lesser Irish kings. The conflict continued for centuries. Ruadhrí abdicated in 1183, but returned to rule briefly twice after that. Ruadhrí died in the year 1198. He would be the last Gaelic king of Ireland, except for perhaps Brian Ua Néill (died 1260).

The Picts

The Caledonians or the Caledonian Confederacy a Brittonic-speaking (Celtic) tribal confederacy and the Vacomagi  (another Celtic division) lived in what is now Scotland before and during Roman era. Picts were descended from these people and eventually the Pictish kingdom merged with that of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba. Dál Riata is said to have been founded by the legendary king Fergus Mór (Fergus the Great) in the 5 ^th century. The Kingdom of Alba is the same as the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286.   Alexander took the throne aged just eight and died in a tragic riding incident and was the last in line of the Celtic kings.

The impact of the Germans have lead to what I find to be a disturbing acceptance on the part of the natives of the colonised territories. I have here a statement from the website of The National Trust for Scotland .

Where did Scottish people come from?

Early Historic Scotland was a melting pot of different groups – the Britons, the Picts, the Angles, the Gaels (Scots) and the Norse – and you can see this mixture reflected in place-names around the country, from Ben Macdui (Gaelic) to Stornoway (Norse) via Aberdeen (Pictish).

the editors of The National Trust for ScotlandThe history of ScotlandThe National Trust for Scotlandhttps://www.nts.org.uk/learning/adult-learning/the-history-of-scotlandJanuary 7, 2024

And that is after the editors noted that people like Columba (who arrived AD 563) were around before any Norse or Angles. History indicates that the People of Scotland (which includes the Picts) and the People of Ireland were Celtic people. Gaels (Scots), Irish people and Britons (mostly Celtic people from Whales) are also the same group of people. They were invaded and colonised by Germans. The Germans began arriving around the 8 ^th or 9 ^th century, centuries after the history of Scotland began to be recorded by local Celtic Apostolic Christian monks, not the same religious type as the Catholic ones out of Italy. The Germans came to be the Elite and history is recorded in their favour. Columba lived on the Island of Iona. At the time of Columba the name of the island and so the abbey was Hy or Hii ; Iona became the name centuries later (from the 14th century), as a mis-transcription of Latin Ioua for Hy . The Abbey was first attacked by Viking raiders (Germans) in 795, but also later in 802, 806, and 825. During the 806 attack, 68 monks were massacred in Martyrs' Bay.

Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (anglicised Malcolm II) was King of Alba (Scotland) from 1005 until his death in 1034. It is difficult to understand exactly how the Celtic legacy came to be dominated by the Germans. Cnut the Great came north in 1031 to accept the submission of King Malcolm II. Malcolm had developed a strategy of marrying his daughters into the regional dynasties. He became the grandfather of his successor Duncan I of Scotland, through his daughter Bethóc, and by some authors also of Macbeth, King of Scotland, through his daughter Donalda. His submission to Cnut the German would therefore have created legitimate royal ties across Scotland. Nevertheless William the Conqueror who was king of England (as William I) from 1066 until he died September 9, 1087, was not king of Scotland. During that time the king of Scotland was still Celtic and remained so until Alexander III in 1286. The horrific feudal system of William I since 1066, legally stole all of the property of the Celtic people in Britain making the colonisation final and all pervasive.

The Brittonic people had a religion that was superior in Christian authenticity to what was imposed on them out of Rome by the Germans or later by Henry VIII, another German. Their story is the same as befell all of what became England. Because they appear to now have similar complexion the colonisation is invisible but there remains a German elite at the top, a situation that has almost blanketed the planet since The Berlin Conference in 1884-1985.

A French Connection - Gaul

Gauls are not Germans. Gaul was invaded by Germans in the 120s BC. The Scandanavian/German peoples lived to the north and north-east. Wikipedia @ 2020/04/22 says:

The Germanic peoples (German: Germanen, from Latin: Germani) are a category of north European ethnic groups, first mentioned by Graeco-Roman authors.[a] They are also associated with Germanic languages, which originated and dispersed among them, and are one of several criteria used to define Germanic ethnicity.[b] Starting with Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE), several Roman authors placed their homeland, Germania, roughly between the Lower Rhine and the Vistula, and distinguished them from other broad categories of peoples better known to Rome, especially the Celtic Gauls to their southwest , and "Scythian" Sarmatians to their southeast.[1] Greek writers, in contrast, consistently categorized the Germanic peoples from east of the Rhine as a type of Gaul.[2] editors of Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGermanic peoplesWikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples2020/04/22

[bold emphasis added]

If you went to the same reference today you would see something significantly different because of how people define germanic. I think that the above quote is more accurate than later ones because it makes a clear distinction between German and Gaul

Gaul was an area of Western Europe covering modern France, Belgium, part of Germany and Switzerland, and Northern Italy. It was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as Gauls. At this time Rome was still a republic and the Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes (mainly present-day France and Belgium). The conflict was terminated by the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC where a Roman victory gave the Roman Republic control over the whole of Gaul. The map of Gaul is from wikipedia @ 2020/04/22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul and depicts Gaul on the eve of the Gallic Wars. Roman ethnography divides Gaul into five parts: Gallia Belgica, Gallia Celtica (largely corresponding to the later province Gallia Lugdunensis), Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Narbonensis, and Gallia Aquitania. A modern map of the area lies to the right.

During the Roman conquest of Gaul, according to Wikipedia

As many as a million people (probably 1 in 5 of the Gauls) died, another million were enslaved,[24] 300 clans were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the Gallic Wars.[25] The entire population of the city of Avaricum (Bourges) (40,000 in all) were slaughtered.[26] Before Julius Caesar's campaign against the Helvetii (Switzerland), the Helvetians had numbered 263,000, but afterwards only 100,000 remained, most of whom Caesar took as slaves.[27] editors of Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGaulWikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul#Conquest_by_Rome14:33, 17 December 2023‎

God said that He would bring out a sword against Israel not that they would dominate the world in this time . Gaul was ruled by Romans during the 2 ^nd and 1 ^st centuries BC (except for the small town where Asterix lived ¯_(ツ)_/¯, just saying. You can see from the decimation by the Romans how the Germans were then able to overrun them. These spoke a Celtic language similar to early Britons. Roman control of Gaul lasted for five centuries until AD 486. The Franks later became the French (Germans). They ousted the Romans in the fifth century when the last area under Roman control, the Domain of Soissons, fell to the Franks in AD 486. But the Franks are not Gauls but German people who had lived on the edge of the Roman Empire and invaded Gaul from the North. The Iberians (also Celtic) lived to the south. As Rome fell Germans dominated many other post-Roman kingdoms. These were who now controlled Gaul so the Gauls enslaved by Caesar are now dominated by Germans.

Galatia was settled by Gauls who came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios c. 278 BC. Caesar was long dead by the time of Paul. What we know from the Bible is that Paul was prevented from preaching in certain parts of Galatia while Peter was sent there to Israelites. We also know that Gaul (the homeland of the Gauls) was attacked by Germans in the 120s BC, the same Germans that British Israelism claims to be all of Israel and who overran the Gauls once they were weakened and enslaved. Is British Israelism possible? Can Israelites be in Galatia and Babylon and still exclusively be Germans? Galatia was named after the Gauls who came there and became dominant before the Romans came and before the Germans attacked Gaul. These Gauls are related to the Celts in Britain.

SAXON KINGS (German)

Remember that the Synod of Whitby in 664 tolled a death knell for true Christianity in Britain. True Christianity had flourished among the Celts but Celtic culture was disappearing. Britain was now becoming increasingly Catholic and German. Names like Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons , emerged as an Anglo-Saxon (German) kingdom. By convention, the Heptarchy (also called the Dark Ages) lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlord-ship of Egbert of Wessex in 829 (a German). In spite of the label there was no clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms but typically it is East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly as kings contended for supremacy. The Image was taken from Wikimedia Commons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg , Date: 14 February 2008, Source: self-made. Vectorized version of w:Image:British kingdoms c 800.gif, based on Image:Uk-map.svg (both images are in public domain) , Author : Sakurambo https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sakurambo&action=edit&redlink=1 . These Germans were unified in faith by the Pope. The objective of Romish Christianity from the beginning was to unite the empire and Popes are a product of that ethos. They sanctified the idolatry of the Germans and combined it into Romish Christianity thereby unifying them. The Pope is the one who understood about unifying an empire. The Germans apparently even forgot their origin and history and viewed themselves as coming out of Romans and the Romish faith, but they are of the Viking type. Wednesday is from Odin, one of their gods and Thursday is from Thor another one. It is blended with Sunday, the day of the Sun from Sol Invictus. The Romans changed the Sabbath to Saturday from the Roman God Saturn. Saturn  was a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. The Days of the week show the melding of the two but it is the Pope that had the vision. The name Friday comes from the day of Frig , associating the Nordic goddess Frigg with the Roman goddess Venus. Tuesday comes from the Roman god of war, Mars. The Germanic god of war was known as Tiu and the English day of the week was first known as Tiwsday and eventually Tuesday. Monday comes from the Old English word Monandæg , which means Moon's day .  It follows the ancient Roman practice of naming each day of the week after a celestial body, again a meld of Roman and German. English is classified as a Germanic language. It shares a source with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German, and Swedish. They have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic.

Mercia

Mercia essentially includes all that is the middle of England. Between 600 (after Arthur) and 900 it gained control over five of the other six kingdoms of the Heptarchy (East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex). For a detailed list of kings of Mercia see https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Kings-Queens-of-Mercia/ . The records that I have seen of Mercia are from the 6 ^th century and begin with ICEL (also spelt Icil) c. 515 c. 535 i.e. after Hengist. According to tradition Hengist the first of the Jutish kings of Kent and is the one who led the invasion of Britain in the 5 ^th century.

Kent

Remember that the Superbus Tyrannus brought Germans (Jutes) to protect him and he set up Hengist, leader of the group, as king of Kent. These Germans joined with others and eventually ruled all England. Tradition lists Hengist (r. 455-488), as the first Jutish/German king of Kent. This reminds us of what Ahaz did (Isaiah 7-14, 2 Kings 16) in joining the Assyrians against the league of Israel and Syria and then becoming subject to Assyria. Hengist and Horsa are legendary brothers said to have led the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in their invasion of Britain in the 5 ^th century. Their line of kings is at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent . Eventually Kent came under the direct rule of Offa of Mercia (785 - 796). You also find the king of Kent sharing rulership over Wessex after Egbert i.e. Germans subject to Germans.

Monasteries

In 793 AD Vikings attacked the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. In 795 Vikings attacked the island monastery of Iona, Scotland. Iona was attacked again in 802 AD. In the third attack, in 806 AD, 68 monks were killed and most of the rest fled south to the monastery of Kells in mainland Ireland. It is said that they took with them the gospel book now known as the Book of Kells falsely attributed to Columba, who was born in the 6 ^th century. I have never seen it but one image which Christians portray as Mary seems more like MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT. The first Viking raids on Ireland were also 795 AD.

Kings and Queens of England (Angle Land) & Britain, Germans

EGBERT (Egbert/Ecgberht of Wessex) 827 - 839

His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Ecgberht was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Ecgberht returned and took the throne. He was the first monarch to establish stable rulership over all of Anglo-Saxon England. He is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon, ruler of the British). The remaining kings of his line are recorded below. They were constantly attacked by the other vikings (in particular the Danes). Eventually ATHELSTAN 924 - 939, unified England. The power of the church became pronounced with Bishop Dunstan and EDGAR 959 - 975. Following that the invasion of the Danes opened the door to the Danish prince Canute who was eventually proclaimed king by the Witan (the power brokers). When people tell you that the Danes are Dan of Israel they are saying that the vikings that took over the world are Israel .

Other Kings and queens of England

AETHELWULF, 839-856

Son of Egbert.

AETHELBALD, 856 - 860

The eldest surviving son of Aethelwulf, forced his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year.

AETHELBERT, 860 - 866

Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald.

AETHELRED I, 866 - 871

Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. The Vikings (Viking means a pirate raid/raider ) came from three countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Danes occupied York in 866 and fought their way south leading to the death of AETHELRED.

ALFRED THE GREAT, 871 - 899

He was the son of AETHELWULF. When the Danes attacked Wessex again in 877, Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset. From there he staged his comeback and established Saxon rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. He began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

EDWARD (The Elder), 899 -  924

Son of Alfred the Great, retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes and also united the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia.

ATHELSTAN, 924 - 939

Son of Edward the Elder, defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain unifying England.

EDMUND I, 939 - 946

Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan at 18. At 25 Edmund was stabbed by a robber leaving two young sons.

EADRED, 946 - 955

Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund and died without an heir.

EADWIG, 955 -  959

The eldest son of Edmund I, died of unknown circumstances when he was just 20. Legend has it that he had bishop Dunstan exiled to France for interrupting his activities with his strumpets (woman who has many casual sexual encounters or relationships) which he sought to indulge in during his coronation.

EDGAR, 959 - 975

The youngest son of Edmund I. Following Eadwigs mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal adviser. In 957 the Mercians and Northumbrians had revolted and proclaimed Edgar as their king splitting the throne of England. It was now reunited.

EDWARD THE MARTYR, 975 - 978

The eldest son of Edgar was crowned king when aged just 12. His claim was supported by Archbishop Dunstan but challenged by supporters of his younger half-brother Aethelred . He was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred. The title martyr was given him because to some, he appeared to be a victim of his stepmother the Queen Dowager Ælfthryth, mother of Aethelred.

AETHELRED II (Ethelred the Unready), 978 - 1016

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready . Aethelred/Ethelred became king aged about 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England. Emma his wife went first, followed by children Edward and Alfred, and then by Aethelred. In 1002 Ethelred ordered the extermination of all the Danes in England. Sweyn was a butcher but people wonder who was worse, he or Aethelred. See more on Sweyn at https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-25341754 . Sweyn died five weeks after he was pronounced king leaving his son, the Danish prince Cnut ( Canute ) as heir. In England, the councillors sent for Aethelred from exile in Normandy and in the spring of 1014 he managed to drive Canute out of England.

EDMUND II IRONSIDE, 1016 - 1016

The son of Aethelred II, was chosen to succeed his father by the people of London but the Witan (the kings council made of high ranking nobles and religious leaders) however elected Canute. Edmund was defeated by Canute and forced to sign a treaty where all of England except Wessex would be controlled by Canute and when one of the kings should die the other would take all of England. Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated. Another of Aethelred's sons, Edward the Confessor, became king in 1042.

Danish Kings (German)

CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE, 1016 - 1035

Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund II. He put away his first wife claiming it was by the non-Christian pagan ceremony of handfasting and in 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II. Both marriages were essentially political.

HAROLD I, 1035 - 1040

Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute. He claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was abroad helping the Danes.

HARTHACANUTE 1040 - 1042

The son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy, upon arrival was immediately accepted as king. Harold died and was buried as Harthacanute was due to invade England. Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. Harthacanute died toasting the bride at a wedding. He was just 24 and was the last Danish king to rule England.

Back to Saxons

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066

EDWARD was Emmas son from her first marriage (to Aethelred II). Edward was brought back from exile in Normandy by Harthacanute the year before he died, some suppose upon the advice of his mother. Following the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the West Saxons to the English throne. Edward died childless.

HAROLD II 1066

After Edward died Harold Godwin (a commoner) was elected king by the Witan. William, Duke of Normandy claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier and challenged Harold.

The NORMAN KINGS (French German {&Gaulish?})

NORMANDY

If it is true that the royalty in England have Israelite blood then I believe that the most likely route is through Normandy. Initially Normandy was populated by Celtic tribes in the West and Belgic tribes in the North East. It was conquered in AD 98 by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus. After the fall of Rome in the 5 ^th century, the Franks (Germans) became the dominant ethnic group in the area. Towards the end of the 8 ^th century Viking raids devastated the region. In 911 the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings ended the hostility. The house of Normandy (Norse Vikings) developed from the union between the Viking Rollo and Poppa of Bayeux, a West Frankish noblewoman. William the Conqueror and his heirs were members of this dynasty. It is therefore possible that Poppa of Bayeux had Celtic blood from the Gauls but there is also the matter of Herleva of Falaise .

I found it very useful to read about William https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-England/The-Battle-of-Hastings . It appears that there was always a supernatural hand guiding the course of events in his life. Historians refer to it as luck. Herleva was the daughter of a tanner from Falaise in Normandy. She would have been exposed to the aristocracy through Gilbert, Count of Brionne, one of the most powerful landowners in Normandy. When she was sixteen she bore him a son called Richard. The following year, Herleva became the mistress of Robert, Duke of Normandy. In 1028 she and Robert had a son who eventually became William, Duke of Normandy and later William the Conqueror. Robert persuaded Herleva to marry his friend, Herluin of Conteville. After marriage, Herleva had three more children, Odo, Robert and Muriel. It is very convenient that William was his fathers only child. It is from Normandy that we get Norman nobles in England.

Norman Kings (A Break from Rome)

NORMAN KINGS of England were WILLIAM I , WILLIAM II (Rufus), HENRY I and STEPHEN.

WILLIAM I (The Conqueror), 1066 - 1087

Also known as William the Bastard was the illegitimate son of Robert I of Normandy, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy (France) in 1035. Williams mother was a commoner named Herleva. Even though the Germans were ruling, many commoners in France and England were still of Celtic descent. William came to England from Normandy to lay claim to the promise by his second cousin Edward the Confessor who had promised him the throne. He defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14 ^th October 1066. It is believed that through William and his hard life that the English throne got its appetite for justice. William controlled everything: the nobles and the ecclesiastics (from ekklsia assembly, church). He broke the yoke of Rome and the barons but it crept back in through diplomatic concession to retain the throne. William introduced serfdom in England .

William completed the colonisation of Britain by Germans i.e. Anglo-Saxons. In 1086, he summoned every single land owner, and all of their subtenants, to one Sarcum to pledge an oath to him The Oath of Sarum/The Oath of Salisbury. The oath demanded that from then on, if one of the powerful men of the realm were to rebel against the Crown, the primary loyalty of his subtenants would be to the king rather than to their immediate master. In effect William owned everything and all loyalty was to him. William gave birth to the feudal system in England the basis for the medieval class system where the Germans now completely subjugated the native Celtic people.

WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087-1100, was not a popular king died while out hunting.

HENRY I 1100-1135

He was the youngest son of William I and had lots of illegitimate children. William Adelin, his only legitimate son and heir was drowned in the White Ship along with his oldest half-brother Richard, leading to a succession crisis involving his legitimate sister Matilda and nephew Stephen. Henrys daughter MATILDA had moved to Germany as a child of eight when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V leading to her becoming Empress Matilda. On Emperor Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father (Henry I), who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey (Geoffrey Plantagenet) of Anjou. When Henry I died of food poisoning, the court violated their oath to install Matilda and offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.

STEPHEN, 1135-1154

Stephen was the son of the French Count Stephen-Henry and Adela, Henry I's sister. When Henry I died, Stephen, with the aid of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order was more important than his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139 and the ensuing war degenerated into a stalemate. A compromise was eventually decided, and under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died. Although the name changed we still have Herleva's blood .

The PLANTAGENET KINGS (French German {&Gaulish?})

The PLANTAGENET KINGS were HENRY II 1154-1189, RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 1199, JOHN 1199-1216 and HENRY III 1216-1272. Before this the kings did not appear to have surnames. A subgroup is the Angevin Dynasty who were Henry II, Richard I and John.

Plantagenet began as a nickname given to Geoffrey (1113-1151), count of Anjou, the father of Henry II. He was said to have worn a broom blossom in his hat (plante genest in Old French, from Latin planta=sprig + genista = broom, hence sprig of broom ), which was subsequently adopted as a surname.

HENRY II, Matildas son, is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, over the rights and privileges of the Church. RICHARD I was the third son of Henry II and spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad fighting during the Third Crusade. He died childless overseas.

The Magna Carta

With his conquest of England in 1066, William controlled everything but before that the papacy had come to control the whole land. William's son Henry I was challenged by Robert, duke of Normandy, and had to make concessions in the Charter of Liberties upon his coronation. His successor, Stephen was threatened by Matilda and had to make even more generous compromises upon coronation. Matilda's son Henry II began his reign by confirming benefits that King Henry, had granted his men, really meaning clergy and earls. It was a trend that the power of the king was shifting to barons and clergy, usually under duress.

JOHN 1199 -1216, the fourth child of Henry II, is reputed to be a glutton and the worst English king but you might want to read of his life and form your own opinion e.g. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12603356. We love Richard who was off fighting Crusades that drained the treasury, but hate John who had to try to run the country. In 1204 John lost much of the Angevin's continental territories, including Anjou, to the French crown. On 15 ^th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign the original Magna Carta. Although it was actually established to protect the rights of the wealthy it became a symbol of the freedom of the individual against the tyranny of the despot. Popular understanding is not always right.

The House of Commons

HENRY III, son of King John, was 9 years old when he became king. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led by Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a Parliament at Westminster (where it still meets today) the start of the House of Commons. Parliament means the Legislative Assembly and is made up of the house of Commons and the house of Lords. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the U.K. and is elected. The peers consist of temporal (titled English gentry) and spiritual peers (Bishops). The house of Lords derive from these and are either appointed or inherit their position.

England and Wales united

EDWARD I 1272 - 1307, son of Henry III, formed the Model Parliament in 1295 (England's first legally elected legislature), bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. He defeated the Welsh chieftains and made his eldest son Prince of Wales. He brought the famous coronation stone (also known as Jacob's Pillow Stone) from Scotland to Westminster. Geologists proved that the stone is a lower Old Red Sandstone , which was quarried in the vicinity of Scone, a town in Scotland.

EDWARD II, 1307 deposed 1327, the fourth son of Edward I.

His wife (Queen Isabella of France) joined her lover Roger Mortimer in deposing him reputedly for being a homosexual. How he was murdered is not for the faint hearted.

The Hundred Years War Begins

The name the Hundred Years War refers to the conflict between the rulers of France (House of Valois) and England (the Plantaganets ) from 1337 to 1453. The origin of the conflict was dual. First was land called the duchy of Guyenne which belonged to the kings of England, but was put into feudal service by the French Crown. Secondly, the Capets had ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328 and with the death of Charles IV of France in 1328, the kings of England claimed the crown of France as closest relatives of the king.

EDWARD III 1327 1377

Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France started the Hundred Years War in 1338. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the Black Death in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England. Philippa of Hainault was Queen of England and the wife of King Edward III. She is believed to be England's first black queen. We will talk more of her when we deal with Colour as a Control Mechanism. If she was in fact black it would have implications for the aristocracy of France since she was a daughter of William I, Count of Hainaut, and Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut, granddaughter of Philip III of France.

RICHARD II 1377 deposed 1399

Richard was the grandson of King Edward III that became heir apparent. As king Richard II banished his cousin Henry of Lancaster, another grandson of Henry III, in 1398. In 1399 Henry returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected King Henry IV. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.

The LANCASTER KINGS

The LANCASTER kings were HENRY IV 1399 1413, HENRY V 1413 1422 and HENRY VI 1422 deposed 1461.

The name Lancaster, from Lancastre, meaning Roman fort on the River Lune implies Roman heritage but they are Germans. HENRY IV was the son of John of Gaunt a son of Henry III of the House of Commons fame, and as mentioned before deposed his cousin Richard II. His son HENRY V renewed the war with France in 1415. Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the French king. He died before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son (HENRY VI) as King of England and France. In 1454 HENRY VI became ill with a hereditary mental illness that was in his mothers family and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and he was deposed 1461 in the early part of the Wars of the Roses.

The wars of the roses

The wars of the Roses, wars for control of the throne of England concentrated between 1455 and 1487, followed closely behind the Hundred Years War, where they fought for control of France (1337 to 1453). The Plantagenets had gained title to England through Empress Matilda. Unlike many family names Plantaganet is not a place but derives from a nickname given to Geoffrey, count of Anjou and here represents four distinct groups who had lost their lands in Anjou, France, under John:

• Angevins – actual counts of Anjou
• The main body of the Plantagents following the loss of Anjou
• The Lancasters – a cadet (i.e. through a male) branch of Plantaganets
• The Yorks – another cadet branch of Plantaganets.

The Lancasters and Yorks were branches of the same family and their endowment (York or Lancaster) gave them different titles. The Lancasters (associated with a red rose) and the Yorks (whose symbol was a white rose) fought wars called the Wars of the Roses for control of the throne of England. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families.

The York Kings

The Yorks that held the throne were of EDWARD IV 1461- 1483, EDWARD V 1483 1483 and RICHARD III 1483 1485.

York is ancient and Anglican/German. It became capital of Northumbria, and by the early 7 ^th century, York was an important royal centre for the Northumbrian kings. EDWARD IV was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville. EDWARD V was actually born in Westminster Abbey, where his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. RICHARD III was the brother of Edward IV and was very unpopular as he was thought to have murdered all contenders to the throne and much of his opposition.

THE TUDORS (Another Break from Rome)

Henry Richmond was half-brother of Henry VI who was deposed in 1461 as a consequence of his mental illness. In 1485 he landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. He defeated and killed Richard III ending the Wars of the Roses and began the line of Tudors which consisted of himself (HENRY VII 1485-1509) , HENRY VIII 1509-1547 , EDWARD VI 1547-1553, MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558 and ELIZABETH I 1558-1603. During this time the Germans (Spanish, French, English etc.) turned to raiding Africa and America.

HENRY VIII 1509-1547

He inherited the throne from his father. The power struggle over church and state came to a head in his reign. It led to the Church of England and strengthened Protestantism . The Protestant Reformation began in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95 Theses. We will get back to Henry and his daughter Elizabeth later.

EDWARD VI 1547-1553

His mother was Jane Seymour, the third wife of King Henry VIII. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine and died of tuberculosis before he was 16.

MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553-1558

Succeeded her half-brother and was determined to return the country to Catholicism. Her mother was Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII's first wife whom he banished. She ruled for just five years but it was enough. She is most remembered for burning nearly 300 English Protestants at the stake for heresy, which earned her the nickname Bloody Mary.

ELIZABETH I 1558-1603

Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister MARY I upon her death in November 1558. She was very well-educated (fluent in five languages). Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history. She never married and was childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Her mother was Anne Boleyn the second wife of King Henry VIII who was executed for treason. Her suffering did not turn her into a Mary.

THE STUARTS (the Beginning of Britain and the Commonwealth)

The Stuarts reigned from 1603 to 1714, and there were seven in total: James VI and I; Charles I; Charles II; James II and VII; William III and II; Mary II; and Anne. Their reign was interrupted by the two Lord Protectors: Oliver Cromwell, followed by his son, Richard. The Stuarts were the first British monarchs i.e. their rule included Ireland and Scotland.

JAMES VI of Scotland ruled as JAMES I of England (Angle land) and Ireland 1603 -1625. JAMES VI was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. The King James Version (KJV), also known as the Authorized Version (AV) began in 1604 and was completed in 1611. In 1605 Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower and were comprised of people from various walks of life from England and the Nederlands, see https://www.mayflower400uk.org/education/the-mayflower-story/. We get to this later when we discuss America.

CHARLES I (r. 1625-1649) was the son of James I and Anne of Denmark. He believed that he ruled by Divine Right which led to an Irish insurrection and the English Civil War (1642-1651). He was captured by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell, and imprisoned, tried and beheaded by the House of Commons in 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared.

Interregnum - OLIVER CROMWELL (r. 1649-1658). Oliver Cromwell took the title Lord Protector of the newly formed Commonwealth. Cromwell disliked the Irish Catholics and massacred the town of Drogheda in 1649 in a pretext of retribution for atrocities against Protestants. After conquering Ireland he declared war on the Netherlands. He went on to establish colonies in the West Indies. When he died in 1658 he was succeeded by his son Richard, who had no interest in the position. He was easily overthrown and after a period of anarchy the monarchy was restored with the accession of Charles II.

Restoration - CHARLES II (r. 1660 1685) was the eldest surviving child of Charles I who had been executed. He was extravagant with money and was driven to marry Portuguese Catherine of Braganza for the large dowry. Plagued with money problems he allied England with France, which led to war with the Dutch and the acquisition of New Amsterdam (now New York) for England. The Mayflower had sailed there to escape.

JAMES II (r. 1685-1688), brother of Charles II, was a Roman Catholic and despite the passing of the Test Acts in 1673 (which barred all Roman Catholics from holding official positions in Great Britain) and the efforts of Parliament to have him by-passed, he managed to succeed Charles II. A failed resistance by the Duke of Monmouth led to a series of treason trials known as the Bloody Assizes. The Lord Chief Justice, George Jeffreys, sentenced more than 300 people to death and had another 800 forcibly sold into slavery. He was overthrown by the Dutchman (another German) William of Orange in 1688 and fled to France.

The Glorious Revolution - WILLIAM III (r. 1688-1702) was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess of Orange, the daughter of King Charles I of England. He and his wife Mary II (1688-1694) ruled England. It is called the Glorious Revolution because it was bloodless and William was invited to England. William and Mary II were proclaimed joint sovereigns of England. Mary died in 1694 and William continued to rule alone. Mary and her younger sister Anne were raised as Anglicans at the wishes of their uncle, King Charles II.

Great Britain

QUEEN ANNE (r. 1702-1714) was the sister of Mary II and was a committed Protestant who supported the Glorious Revolution. In 1707 the Act of Union formally united the Kingdoms of England (which then included Wales) and Scotland into the kingdom of Great Britain. She was the last monarch of the Stuarts since none of her eighteen children survived beyond infancy.

The first Prime Minister

GEORGE I (r. 28 May 1660 11 June 1727) was a German. Queen Anne was his second cousin and although over 50 Roman Catholics were closer to Anne by by birth, the Act of Settlement 1701 prohibited Catholics from inheriting the British throne and attempts to oust him failed. During George's reign, Britain began the transition to its current system of government led by a prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual political power was held by Robert Walpole, now recognised as Britain's first de facto prime minister. At this point I lose track of any possibility of Celtic blood in the Royal family of England. I do not know enough of the ancestry of SOPHIE CHARLOTTE but since France was originally a Gaulish nation it might have returned to the throne through her. In any case real power is now vested in the Prime Minister.

The House of Hanover

Hanover is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. There are no surnames of the royal family since George II. According to tradition they receive a title on their wedding day.

GEORGE II (r. June 1727-25 October 1760) was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany. He was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) and The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) were both fought during his reign. Formerly he was thought to be an ineffective monarch, largely because he was disliked by contemporary biographers but more scholarly analysis has dismissed that as untrue.

The United Kingdom

GEORGE III OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND ENGLANDS SECOND BLACK QUEEN, SOPHIE CHARLOTTE

GEORGE III (r. 25 October 1760 -  29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. His reign is marked by the loss of the American colonies. The War of American Independence (1775-1783) ended with the surrender by British forces in 1782 and covered the declaration of American independence in 1776. The French Revolution (1789 until 1799) and Napoleonic Wars (1792 until 1802) also occurred during his reign. While the Americans characterised George as a tyrant, scholarly investigation argues that he actually was acting as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers. In later years he suffered many maladies including mental illness.

PRINCESS SOPHIE CHARLOTTE was born on this date in 1744. She is considered as the second Black Queen of England. Sophia Charlotte was born on 19 May 1744. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg and of his wife Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a small north-German duchy in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1752, when she was eight years old, Sophie Charlotte's father died. As princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Sophie Charlotte was descended directly from an African branch of the Portuguese Royal House , Margarita de Castro y Sousa which some claim to be white, but appears to be more likely from the black branch of the Portuguese royal family beginning with Alfonso III and his Moorish mistress. The moors are the people that brought culture to Europe but by the 19 ^th century racism had crept in and so she was considered ugly. The clip below is from the Guardian News & Media Limited website.

"She was famously ugly," says Desmond Shawe-Taylor, surveyor of the Queen's pictures. "One courtier once said of Charlotte late in life: 'Her Majesty's ugliness has quite faded.' There was quite a miaow factor at court."

Stuart JeffriesWas this Britain's first black queen?theguardian.comhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/12/race-monarchyThu 12 Mar 2009 00.01 GMT

To each his own I suppose but I have seen the portraits of the Germanic royals and I have seen those of Charlotte. Some believe that because of this prejudice her portraits were Europeanised. The city of Charlotte in the US is named after her. Queen Charlotte died on November 17, 1818. Knowing what I have read about the royal family I can't see why anybody would want to be linked with that. Charlotte did seem to be an exception though and there is some evidence as we will see in an upcoming article dealing with Colour as a Control Mechanism.

Unfortunately, if you are black and already have such great black people to extol going back millennia, you can't completely escape the taint of the Germanic monarchy.

Back to Rome

GEORGE IV (r. 29 January 1820 - 26 June 1830) succeeded his father King George III. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his father's final mental illness. Georges extravagant lifestyle began the Regency era which ended in 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV. He had poor relationships with both his father and his wife and his decadent lifestyle earned him the contempt of the people. For most of his regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister. After Liverpool's retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte (not Princess Sophie Charlotte), died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, William.

Hanover and Britain Separate

WILLIAM IV (r. 26 June 1830 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover. William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. He was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life after separating from Dorothea Jordan, he married the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. William was succeeded in the United Kingdom by his niece Victoria and in Hanover by his brother Ernest Augustus.

VICTORIA (r. 20 June 1837 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and was the last of the house of Hanover. She added Empress of India to the royal title. Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Her son and successor, Edward VII, initiated the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father.

The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

EDWARD VII (r. 22 January 1901 -  6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India. He developed a reputation as a playboy and personified the fashionable, leisured elite. Edward had mistresses throughout his married life. He was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the uncle of Europe . However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II of Germany. During his reign he said that use of the word nigger was disgraceful, despite it then being in common usage. When Wilhelm accused Britain and others of race treason for supporting Japan against Russia Edward stated that he could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin.

The House of Windsor

GEORGE V (r. 6 May 1910 -  20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India. Socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all rose to prominence during his reign. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment (Ѳ‿Ѳ)! In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations.

EDWARD VIII (r. 20 January 1936 - 11 December the same year) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India. He abdicated the throne and became the Duke of Windsor since he could not be dissuaded from his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. As king he would be the head of the Church of England which opposed divorce and remarriage ٩(͡๏̯͡๏)۶  ??! Edward was racially prejudiced, believing that whites were inherently superior. In 1920, on a visit to Australia, he wrote of Indigenous Australians: they are the most revolting form of living creatures I've ever seen !! They are the lowest known form of human beings & are the nearest thing to monkeys .

GEORGE VI (r. 11 December 1936 - 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth. After victory in the World War of 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of both countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year.

ELIZABETH II (r. February 1952 to September 8, 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. When her father died in February 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka). She has reigned through major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa.

British Israelism

British Israelism/Anglo Isrealism is the belief that the Anglo Saxon people are the descendants of the Israelites. Part of the belief is that the United States is Ephraim and Britain is Manasseh or vice versa. At the root is a teaching that God never fulfilled His promises to Jacob in Genesis 49 and is doing it in these latter days. One of those promises was that Joseph would be special and his two Children would become a nation and a company of nations. It is Biblically unsound.

The promises began with Jacob whose name was changed to Israel.

This is the source of the nation and a company of nations promise. That promise was fulfilled under Joshua.

The children of Joseph were given allotments of two tribes by taking the allotment of Levi and giving Levi special cities and lands.

Israel became a company of tribes each of which was an independent nation.  When David was first king he was not king of all Israel but Judah alone.

Each tribe retained its status as an independent nation so that when the kingdom was divided between Rehoboam and Jeroboam and the northern 10 tribes seceded it was their right and choice.

During the reign of Solomon God had repeated a warning that he have given earlier in Deuteronomy.

God kept both promises. Those who believe in British Israelism seek to make God out to be a liar.

Conclusion

I think that is sufficient to demonstrate that the Germanic origin has been maintained. They are not Israel. Furthermore one wonders if God does bring them in to account for the immense wealth and power that they have wielded for such a long time what the result in the spiritual realm could be. In terms of prophecy you can judge for yourself whether of not God was correct with Daniel 4:17. As for the people of Britain it is so very sad that they have lost who they really are. The colonisation has been so thorough that their minds have been wiped and rewritten. They have lost the God of their true forefathers. That brings me to the main point of this exercise. Colonisation is accompanied by a system of indoctrination dedicated to separating us from our source.

As God's people, if we are separated from our source we quench the wrong spirit, despise the wrong preaching, and what we hold fast is not proven to be good. Separated from our source our father becomes the Devil and we act accordingly.

Acknowledgements

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